I watched the PBS program, Secrets of the Dead, which asked the question, were there any women gladiators in the Roman Empire? I found it interesting, BUT GREW MORE ANNOYED AS THE PROGRAM CONTINUED. IT FAILED TO ASK A MAJOR QUESTION.
The Roman Empire lasted several centuries, and was quite large. How does one attempt to find the answer? The program did a good job, showing a statue of a woman athlete, which they contended was really a gladiator instead. The program distinguished between female athletes, more for fun, leisure, and no stigmas attached, compared to gladiators, male or female. The program did find female gladiator who fought animals, and some may have been part of the program doing what the men did.
I was annoyed because the program never mentioned Galen. Galen was a physician to the gladiators for a number of years, so he had considerable experience with the wounds suffered by the contenders. It is one reason his work was cherished long after his death, into the transformed Christian empire, and also into the rising empire of Islam. Galen had not only been doctor to gladiators, after all many of them were slaves, but he was physician to some Emperors too.
I asked GoogleAI if he had ever serviced a woman gladiator. The AI reply, in his writings Galen refers to a;ll of his patients as masculine. This does NOT PROVE that there were no women gladiators. But if the AI had answered the reverse, it would have proven that there were women gladiators. By neglecting perhaps the most renowned physician of the Roman Empire, I thought they ignored a major source, one who, if his writings had included women gladiators, would have settled the question As it turns out, Galen did not mention women gladiators at all, so the program did provide the other evidence they had compiled. BUT THEY SHOU;D HAVE ASKED GALEN. Hugh Murray
MORE TO CONSIDER. I mention the transition of the Roman Empire to a Christian one, and imply Christian Europe, a common association. But the Roman Empire was Britain and some of Western Europe and the Balkans, all of North Africa, and Turkey and parts of the Middle east. Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Empire, and the new capitol, Constantinople, was not even in Europe! Not part of the Roman Empire - much of Germany, Poland, Scandinavia, H7ngary, Scotland, Ireland. Still, it was a vast empire. In this empire, Jews and pagans were now 2nd class citizens, and pagan priests no longer paid by the state. In Egypt, the priests of Amon and the other gods and goddesses lost their income. Time to get new jobs. One result, those who read and wrote the pictures on the walls, now did other things, and people forgot how to read the ancient script and pictures. Not until the early 1800s with discovery of the Rosetta Stone, did the modern world discover a key to the ancient writings.
Next, as Christianity dominated the Roman Empire, it was not limited to Europe. One of the most important figures of the early church, Augustine was from Hippo, near old Carthage in North Africa. Turkey, Judea, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, all became Christian, as did all of North Africa. In the 400s. though connected to the Library of Alexandria, the female mathematician Hypatia, was killed by fanatical Christian mob. Her crime; she was a pagan. (As a child growing up in New Orleans, warm weather, we kids often went barefoot. When we wanted to cross the street, there was a problem - the street was paved with oyster shells. Sharp shells. We crossed slowly and gingerly, trying to avoid a cut. In high school, I was showing a few Canadian visitors around and took them for a short trip to my neighborhood. We got out the car, and one remarked, "You pave your streets in souvenirs of the sea?" He made it sound wo exotic. I should have suggested he remove his shoes and socks and cross the street, and it would seem far less exotic.) Hypatia was pulled from her carriage and taken to a church, where she was stripped of her clothing and the used oyster shells to remove her skin, before butchering her to death. Of course, during the pagan Roman Empire, there were times when in the Arena, Christians were fed to the lions and other animals.
In the 600s the new religion of Islam began to expand in a warlike way. From the Arabian Peninsular is spread, conquering Judea, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunis Algeria, Morocco, and on into Europe, most of Spain and Portugal, and even a battle inside France. The Muslims in power gave tax and other advantages to their co-religionists, and the number of Muslims expanded. They did not occupy Ethiopia, which remained Christian. It took until the 1450s, but then the Muslims even conquered Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul, and Turkey became Muslim too. /the Balkans became mixed, while northern Europe joined the Christians. In 1492 the last of the Muslim states fell, Spain (and Portugal were free). That same year the Spanish monarchs issued a decree, all Jews and Muslims in Spain had to convert to Christianity or leave the kingdom. Some left; some converted, Jews became Moranos; Muslims, Moriscos. To insure they were true converts. the Grand Inquisitor became a prominent figure in Spain.
